A. Introduction
Evaluation of study is needed in teaching learning process. That is meant to see how far the success of teaching learning process has been reached. One of ways that we can do to know it is by measuring student's understanding of explained lesson in class.
It is not easy to evaluate teaching learning process, especially study's result of student. Teachers have to understand student's ability objectively in order to get good evaluation's result and can be responsible. Therefore, teachers have to choose and use exact method in accumulating, processing, and analyzing student's data.
B. Evaluation
We can say that evaluation is a value giving process of some things or some activities. As they said about evaluation, "...refer to the act or process to determining the value of same things." (Wand and Brown, 1951:1). And also, "An evaluation is a declaration that some things has or does not have value." (Wintherington, 1950:241).
How about measurement? Is it different from evaluation?
Wand and Brown said about it, "...the act or process of ascertaining the extent or quantity of some things."
So, in this case, evaluation is different from measurement. But, they can't be separated from each other. We have to take measurement before we do evaluation.
1) Evaluation's Aim
# To know how far the student can understand the subject.
# To know how far the student's ability and perseverance in subject.
# To know the effectiveness and efficiency of teaching strategy that has been used.
2) Evaluation's Principle
# Continuity
Evaluation should not be done incidentally because education is a continual process, so evaluation has to be done continually too.
# Universal
Evaluation is done in all aspect, cognitive, affective, and phsychomotoric.
# Cooperative
To get a good evaluation's result, evaluation will be better to be done by making relation with other teachers or parent.
3) Procedure of Evaluation
*Planning
Planning is needed to prepare information and time allocation exactly.
"To facilitate gathering data, thereby making possible valid statement about effect or outcomes of the program, practice, or policy under study." (W. James Pophan, 1974:159). In that plan, teachers should arrange "lay out" in order that the test materials are representative of given subject. And also do "try out" to know how effective the used method, namely add other better method and leave not exact method.
*Doing Test and Accumulating Data
Purpose of doing test is to accumulate data about all aspect of student's study result, as talent, interest, skill, achievement, etc.
*Processing Data
The method that usually used is statistics analyst for quantitative data.
*Interpretation Data
Interpret data can be done in group or private data.
*Report
Evaluation of study is needed in teaching learning process. That is meant to see how far the success of teaching learning process has been reached. One of ways that we can do to know it is by measuring student's understanding of explained lesson in class.
It is not easy to evaluate teaching learning process, especially study's result of student. Teachers have to understand student's ability objectively in order to get good evaluation's result and can be responsible. Therefore, teachers have to choose and use exact method in accumulating, processing, and analyzing student's data.
B. Evaluation
We can say that evaluation is a value giving process of some things or some activities. As they said about evaluation, "...refer to the act or process to determining the value of same things." (Wand and Brown, 1951:1). And also, "An evaluation is a declaration that some things has or does not have value." (Wintherington, 1950:241).
How about measurement? Is it different from evaluation?
Wand and Brown said about it, "...the act or process of ascertaining the extent or quantity of some things."
So, in this case, evaluation is different from measurement. But, they can't be separated from each other. We have to take measurement before we do evaluation.
1) Evaluation's Aim
# To know how far the student can understand the subject.
# To know how far the student's ability and perseverance in subject.
# To know the effectiveness and efficiency of teaching strategy that has been used.
2) Evaluation's Principle
# Continuity
Evaluation should not be done incidentally because education is a continual process, so evaluation has to be done continually too.
# Universal
Evaluation is done in all aspect, cognitive, affective, and phsychomotoric.
# Cooperative
To get a good evaluation's result, evaluation will be better to be done by making relation with other teachers or parent.
3) Procedure of Evaluation
*Planning
Planning is needed to prepare information and time allocation exactly.
"To facilitate gathering data, thereby making possible valid statement about effect or outcomes of the program, practice, or policy under study." (W. James Pophan, 1974:159). In that plan, teachers should arrange "lay out" in order that the test materials are representative of given subject. And also do "try out" to know how effective the used method, namely add other better method and leave not exact method.
*Doing Test and Accumulating Data
Purpose of doing test is to accumulate data about all aspect of student's study result, as talent, interest, skill, achievement, etc.
*Processing Data
The method that usually used is statistics analyst for quantitative data.
*Interpretation Data
Interpret data can be done in group or private data.
*Report
4) Technique and Type of Evaluation
@Test
-Writing (Objective or Essay)
-Speaking
-Acting
@Non Test
-Interview
-Observation
5) Processing Score
Raw Score
$ Ways to give raw score for Essay test
^Determine maximal score every item
Formula :
Score = (∑ x : ∑ i)
^Determine score and weight every item
Formula :
Score = (∑ XB : ∑B)
Where : ∑ x → sum of score
∑ i → sum of item
B → bobot
$ Ways to give row score for objective test
^Non- guessing formula
Base on this way, teachers should give score 1 for correct answer and 0 for wrong answer.
^Guessing formula, they are :
#True-False type
Formula :
Score = (∑R-∑W) x Wt
#Multiple Choice Type
Formula :
Score ={∑R-(∑W:(n-1))}
#Matching Type
Score = ∑R x Wt
#Short Answer and Completion Type
Score = ∑R x Wt
Where : R → sum of true answer
W→ sum of false answer
Wt→ weight
n→ sum of answer’s option
Total score is the sum of score by guessing formula and called raw score. Row score still need to Be processed again to determine “passing grade” of student by determine mean and deviation standard value. And also teachers should change raw score with standard/ drived score.
6) Predict Evaluation’s Result
@ Criterion Referenced Evaluation (CRE)
This method is emphasize what the students have done.
@ Norm Referenced Evaluation (NRE)
This method compare the students with the others. NRE is same as CRE, but different In reaching mean and deviation standard.
@ Approach to Combination
This is between CRE and NRE and same as them, but different In reaching mean and deviation standard.
C. Statistics method
Statistics analyst method is often used to analyze quantitative data.
Statistics method is ways to accumulate, process, present, analyze data, make conclusion, and also make decision base on fact and analyzing process.
@Test
-Writing (Objective or Essay)
-Speaking
-Acting
@Non Test
-Interview
-Observation
5) Processing Score
Raw Score
$ Ways to give raw score for Essay test
^Determine maximal score every item
Formula :
Score = (∑ x : ∑ i)
^Determine score and weight every item
Formula :
Score = (∑ XB : ∑B)
Where : ∑ x → sum of score
∑ i → sum of item
B → bobot
$ Ways to give row score for objective test
^Non- guessing formula
Base on this way, teachers should give score 1 for correct answer and 0 for wrong answer.
^Guessing formula, they are :
#True-False type
Formula :
Score = (∑R-∑W) x Wt
#Multiple Choice Type
Formula :
Score ={∑R-(∑W:(n-1))}
#Matching Type
Score = ∑R x Wt
#Short Answer and Completion Type
Score = ∑R x Wt
Where : R → sum of true answer
W→ sum of false answer
Wt→ weight
n→ sum of answer’s option
Total score is the sum of score by guessing formula and called raw score. Row score still need to Be processed again to determine “passing grade” of student by determine mean and deviation standard value. And also teachers should change raw score with standard/ drived score.
6) Predict Evaluation’s Result
@ Criterion Referenced Evaluation (CRE)
This method is emphasize what the students have done.
@ Norm Referenced Evaluation (NRE)
This method compare the students with the others. NRE is same as CRE, but different In reaching mean and deviation standard.
@ Approach to Combination
This is between CRE and NRE and same as them, but different In reaching mean and deviation standard.
C. Statistics method
Statistics analyst method is often used to analyze quantitative data.
Statistics method is ways to accumulate, process, present, analyze data, make conclusion, and also make decision base on fact and analyzing process.
1) Characteristic of Statistics
-Numerical
-Objective
-Universal
2) There are two kinds of statistics, they are :
@ Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics is statistics that the working includes the ways of account, arrange, process, present, and analyzing data In order that can give concise description of some things. Descriptive statistics analysis is a statistics analysis to give description or show the result of experiment that is simple and can’t be generalized.
@ Inferential Statistics
A statistics that present rules or ways that can Be used as a tool In getting general conclusion from arranged and processed data.
There are some things that is necessary to Be considered In statistics technique choosing to analyze data. They are :
^How many experiment’s subject
^Some equipments
^Condition of data distributions
^How many analyzed variable
^Kind of processed data
3) Kinds of Statistics Data
$ Base on the character
# Continuous Data
Continuous data is data that the number are series of number continuously.
Example : height and weight of body
#Discrit Data
This is a statistics data in integer.
Example : sum of students
@ Base on the arranging method
#Nominal Data
It is statistics data that has method of arrangement base on the classification.
Example : sum of students base on sex
#Ordinal Data
It is statistics data that has method of arrangement base on the grade or level.
#Interval Data
It is statistics data that there are same space among some things which are being experimented.
Example : 10 students got test’s result In variation among 1 until 10.
#Ratio Data
It is continuous data that have special character.
4) Quantitative Descriptive Analyze
In this method, teacher should group asks base on category and make them in percentage.
Example :
Title → Difficulty of Student In Solving Geometry Questions
Problem → What wrongs that are most done by student In solving geometry questions?
Analyze → Classify student’s wrong In solving questions.
*Knowing 30, mean (30/150) x 100% = 20%
*Concept 60, mean (60/150) x 100% = 40%
*Relation of concept 40, mean (40/150) x 100% = 26.67%
*Finishing 20, mean (20/150) x 100% = 13,33%
Conclusion → Wrongs that are most done by students In solving geometry question are In concept of subject.
D. Conclusion
Evaluate is not easy as we think. All them have to Be done objectively. So, teachers should know the right and exact method to evaluate student’s studying In order that can get good and objective evaluation.
E. References
http://muhammadwinafgani.weblog.com/
http://aisiahira.tblog.com/
Arifin, Zainal.1990. Evaluasi Instruksional.Bandung
Rani Kristina Dewi
07301241051
Pendidikan Matematika R
Tugas Psikologi Belajar Matematika
-Numerical
-Objective
-Universal
2) There are two kinds of statistics, they are :
@ Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics is statistics that the working includes the ways of account, arrange, process, present, and analyzing data In order that can give concise description of some things. Descriptive statistics analysis is a statistics analysis to give description or show the result of experiment that is simple and can’t be generalized.
@ Inferential Statistics
A statistics that present rules or ways that can Be used as a tool In getting general conclusion from arranged and processed data.
There are some things that is necessary to Be considered In statistics technique choosing to analyze data. They are :
^How many experiment’s subject
^Some equipments
^Condition of data distributions
^How many analyzed variable
^Kind of processed data
3) Kinds of Statistics Data
$ Base on the character
# Continuous Data
Continuous data is data that the number are series of number continuously.
Example : height and weight of body
#Discrit Data
This is a statistics data in integer.
Example : sum of students
@ Base on the arranging method
#Nominal Data
It is statistics data that has method of arrangement base on the classification.
Example : sum of students base on sex
#Ordinal Data
It is statistics data that has method of arrangement base on the grade or level.
#Interval Data
It is statistics data that there are same space among some things which are being experimented.
Example : 10 students got test’s result In variation among 1 until 10.
#Ratio Data
It is continuous data that have special character.
4) Quantitative Descriptive Analyze
In this method, teacher should group asks base on category and make them in percentage.
Example :
Title → Difficulty of Student In Solving Geometry Questions
Problem → What wrongs that are most done by student In solving geometry questions?
Analyze → Classify student’s wrong In solving questions.
*Knowing 30, mean (30/150) x 100% = 20%
*Concept 60, mean (60/150) x 100% = 40%
*Relation of concept 40, mean (40/150) x 100% = 26.67%
*Finishing 20, mean (20/150) x 100% = 13,33%
Conclusion → Wrongs that are most done by students In solving geometry question are In concept of subject.
D. Conclusion
Evaluate is not easy as we think. All them have to Be done objectively. So, teachers should know the right and exact method to evaluate student’s studying In order that can get good and objective evaluation.
E. References
http://muhammadwinafgani.weblog.com/
http://aisiahira.tblog.com/
Arifin, Zainal.1990. Evaluasi Instruksional.
Rani Kristina Dewi
07301241051
Pendidikan Matematika R
Tugas Psikologi Belajar Matematika
Good, Rani. However, other people will be more interested in your original ideas. Make sure not to make any plagiarism. (Dr. Marsigit)
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